Kappler and his first wife divorced while Kappler was serving his sentence, but he was married again to Anneliese Kappler, a nurse who had carried on a lengthy correspondence with Kappler before marrying him in a prison wedding ceremony in 1972. Kapplers second in command in Rome, SS-Captain. Kappler was also in Stuttgart during the Night of the Long Knives, but was at this time too junior in the SS to significantly participate. In 1937, Kappler graduated from the Fhrerschule der Sicherheitspolizei (Leadership School of the Security Police) in Berlin as a Kriminalkommissar (criminal commissioner). 2023 Getty Images. Photos:Kappler -United States War Department, Public domainvia Wikimedia Commons. Kappler was responsible for many cruel deeds in Rome as well as the massacre at The Ardeatine Caves, which were personally supervised by Kappler. One of the most notorious actions Kappler undertook while in Rome was the organization of the Ardeatine massacre where 335 Italian civilians were killed on March 24, 1944 in collective punishment for an attack by resistance fighters against the SS Police Regiment Bozen in Rome. Berlin directed him to have 10 times as many Italians shot in retaliation. Kappler's post-war time seeking asylum in the Vatican, and his resultant friendship with his former enemy Monsignor O'Flaherty, was dramatised in the radio play The Scarlet Pimpernel of the Vatican by Robin Glendinning. [20], Kappler's post-war time seeking asylum in the Vatican, and his resultant friendship with his former enemy Monsignor O'Flaherty, was dramatised in the radio play The Scarlet Pimpernel of the Vatican by Robin Glendinning. Following the end of the war, Kappler stood trial in Italy and was sentenced to life imprisonment. from the Jews of Rome, which Kappler later alleged was an attempt to prevent the deportations.[3][8][9]. The Archive of the Jewish Telegraphic Agency includes articles published from 1923 to 2008. Kapplers days were over. Fritz was born on February 23 1876. Kappler was posted to Rome as head of the Sicherheitsdienst (SD) and throughout the war years he cooperated closely with the Fascist police. This is a digitized version of an article from The Timess print archive, before the start of online publication in 1996. SS Obersturmfhrer, The head of German police and security services in Rome. It was later performed live under the name Kingfishers Catch Fire.[21]. [6][7][10][13], Kappler was arrested by British authorities in 1945, turned over to the Italian government in 1947, and tried the following year. As a subscriber, you have 10 gift articles to give each month. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. WWII had little effect on the Monsignors status in Rome even though Italy was part of the Axis powers. Appeals by both his wife and the West German government to release him were denied by Italian authorities. Contents In practice, refusal to obey orders during war is not possible. She declined to give details of the escape, saying these would appear in a mass-circulation magazine this week. iie was 70 years old. SOLTAU, West Germany, Feb. 9 (Reuters)Herbert Kappler; a_convicted Nazi war criminal, died of stomach cancer here today, six months after- a daring escape from a Rome military hospital. Anneliese Kappler, wife of the former Rome Gestapo chief, Herbert Kappler and organizer of his controversial escape from a Rome military prison to West Germany, denied last night that any official German authority or any group had aided in the escape attempt. His wife divorced him while he was serving his sentence. [citation needed] In 1938, during the Anschluss, he supervised the mass deportations of Austrias Jews to concentration camps. Streamline your workflow with our best-in-class digital asset management system. Lieutenant Colonel Herbert Kapplerwas head of The Gestapo in Rome during the occupation. Instead, he stayed to work for the Holy See, serving as a Vatican diplomat in Egypt, Haiti, Santo Domingo, and Czechoslovakia. In 1934, OFlaherty was appointedMonsignor; a title for high-ranking clergy members who have provided valuable service to the church. Meanwhile, the West German government has denied German press reports that it has secretly reached agreement with the Italian government on a means of ending the Kappler controversy. Other One month ago 0 answers 1 views. At his trial in 1948, after six hours, the head of the five-judge military tribunal gravely pronounced the stiffest sentence he could give under Italian law: "life imprisonment, including four years solitary confinement, for repeated and premeditated murder.. Herbert Kappler was born on September 23, 1907, to a middle-class family in Stuttgart in the German Empire. OFlaherty was told he would be shot if he crossed the line not that it stopped him. Kappler was next entrusted with Jewish roundups for transportation to Auschwitz; in his first action, 1,023 Italian Jews were deported with only 16 surviving, and Kappler would later arrange the deportation of a further 993 Roman Jews, nearly all of whom would eventually perish in Nazi gas chambers. Kurtna, however, turned the tables on Kappler by stealing the top secret Sicherheitsdienst codebooks from his office during the chaos that surrounded the Liberation of Rome. He was convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment in the Gaeta military prison. Did Herbert Kappler become a Catholic? Upon leaving the SA, Kappler was accepted as a prospective candidate into the Schutzstaffel (SS) and appointed to the entry level probation rank of SS-Anwrter. List of aircraft of the Malaysian Armed Forces, Italy and the Second World War (1940-1945), Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia, German police officers convicted of murder, Military history of Italy during World War II, http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/features/2011/0304/1224291271284.html?via=mr, http://catholicexchange.com/2009/02/25/116165/, http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,915344,00.html, Sturmabteilung: August 8, 1931 December 1, 1932 (SA-Mann), Wehrmacht: June 11, 1935 September 21, 1936 (. He was promoted to SS-Obersturmbannfhrer (lieutenant colonel) on September 12 and quickly assumed his new duties operating out of the Italian capital. Boards are the best place to save images and video clips. https://www.nytimes.com/1978/02/10/archives/herbert-kappler-dies-nazi-fled-captivity-in-rome-called-a.html. Six months after his escape, Kappler died at home in Soltau, on February 9, 1978, aged 70. As a subscriber, you have 10 gift articles to give each month. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Kappler's first action as head of German security forces in Rome was to help plan the rescue of Benito Mussolini by the SS special forces, a feat which was accomplished by Otto Skorzeny. Without hesitation, O'Flaherty took up Kappler's invitation and in prison the two men chatted over coffee. Because of Kapplers deteriorating condition and his wifes nursing skills, Anneliese Kappler had been allowed almost unlimited access to him during his time in the Italian hospital. Yet it was in The Scarlet and the Black that Plummer played his most Catholic role, the Gestapo chief in Rome, Herbert Kappler. The reports suggested that Bonn would place Kappler in a German hospital under strict police guard and the Italian government would find this a politically palatable solution to the row over his escape. Herbert Kappler. Kappler died on 09-02-1978, at home in Soltau at the age of 70. Paradoxically, after the war Kappler and O'Flaherty would become friends of sorts.[2]. As the authorities refused to release him, in 1977, Anneliese carried Kappler out of prison in a large suitcase (he weighed less than one hundred five pounds at the time). TimesMachine is an exclusive benefit for home delivery and digital subscribers. Appeals by both his wife and the West German government to release him were denied by Italian authorities, but earned him a transfer to a hospital. In 1975 Kappler was diagnosed with cancer, but requests for his release were refused. Amazingly, the Irishman agreed to go and see a man who had plotted to kidnap him and at one stage wanted to murder him. From 1939 to 1940, he was briefly deployed to Poland and participated in various Einsatzgruppen actions before serving a further tour as a uniformed Gestapo officer in occupied Belgium where he acted to suppress resistance. Arrest and Later Life. By early 1944, Kappler was the highest representative of the Reich Security Main Office in Rome and answered directly to both the military governorship, under Luftwaffe General Kurt Mlzer, as well as the SS chain of command under the Higher SS and Police Leader of Italy, SS-Obergruppenfhrer Karl Wolff. During his childhood, Kappler witnessed World War I, and came of age in the Weimar Republic during the 1920s. Kappler performed active training duty over three separate periods from June 1935 to September 1936, with final release on September 27, 1936 with the rank of Feldwebel der Reserve. This page was last changed on 26 July 2021, at 19:26. Kappler's activities between 1929 and 1931 are little known, except that he was living in Stuttgart, occasionally performing work as an electrician. A particularly detested adversary of Kappler's was Irish Monsignor Hugh O'Flaherty of the Sacred Congregation De Propaganda Fide. Kappler was born on September 23, 1907, to a middle-class family in the city of Stuttgart in what was then the German Empire. In 1922 OFlaherty was sent to Rome to finish his studies where he was ordained three years later. Mr. Kappler, who died yesterday, was serving a life term for ordering the 1944 reprisal killing of 335 Italians when his wife, Anneliese, helped him escape from a prison hospital in Rome six months ago. In mid 1941, now an SS-Major, Kappler was selected as a liaison officer to the government of Benito Mussolini as well as a security advisor to the Fascist police. Erich Priebke did manage to escape and it was not until 1996 that Priebke would face justice. [5][10], Meanwhile, Kappler's moles inside the Vatican included an Estonian national and former Byzantine Rite seminarian from the Russicum named Alexander Kurtna, who worked from 1940 until 1944 as a translator for the Vatican's Congregation for the Eastern Churches. In the 1973 feature film Massacre in Rome, which deals with the Ardeatine massacre, Kappler was portrayed by actor Richard Burton. Kappler and his first wife divorced while he was serving his sentence. Retrieved from Wikimedia . He served as the Vaticans diplomat to Egypt, Haiti, Santo Domingo, and Czechoslovakia. Hugh OFlaherty was born on February 28, 1898, in County Cork, Ireland. Despite this O'Flaherty assisted in helping members of Kapplers family in escaping from Rome at Liberation. [11][12], Kappler organised the Ardeatine massacre, in which 335 Italian civilians were killed on 24 March 1944 in response to a direct order from Adolf Hitler to "kill 100 Italians for each German", in retaliation for an attack by the Italian Resistance that had resulted in the deaths of 33 men of the SS Police Regiment Bozen's garrison in Rome. (1997), Military history of Italy during World War II, "An Italian doctor explains "Syndrome K", the fake disease he invented to save Jews from the Nazis", "Weitere Grber nicht mehr namenlos (neues deutschland)", "La vedova di Kappler a Trento per il culto del Simonino", "Erich Priebke, Nazi Who Carried Out Massacre of 335 Italians, Dies at 100", "Nazi funeral that's forcing Italy to face its past", "Kappler's escape MEETING WITH Hon. Upon the outbreak of World War II, in September 1939, Kappler was serving as an SS-Hauptsturmfhrer (captain) out of the Stuttgart Gestapo main office. Millions of high-quality images, video, and music options are waiting for you. What happened to Herbert Kapplers first wife? He was posted to Rome in 1922 to finish his studies and was ordained on 20-12-1925. Despite the Fascist dictatorship, the war, and racial legislation, the family . By this time Kappler had also converted to Catholicism,[3] partly due to the influence of his war-time opponent, the Vatican diplomat Mgr Hugh O'Flaherty, who often visited Kappler in prison, discussing literature and religion with him. What happened to Herbert Kappler, SS Colonel, after WWII? As Nazi police chief in Rome, he ordered the executions in 1944 after a midtown bombing attack by partisans killed 32 SS men. This is a digitized version of an article from The Timess print archive, before the start of online publication in 1996. He would never join his diocese. As part of the latter operation, Kappler successfully extorted 50 kilograms of gold (110 lbs.) [19], Kappler was portrayed by Christopher Plummer in the 1983 TV film The Scarlet and The Black, which detailed Kappler's first meeting with Monsignor Hugh O'Flaherty. Kappler was born to a middle-class family in Stuttgart in what was still the German Empire. The Italians unsuccessfully demanded that Kappler be returned, but the West Germany authorities refused to extradite him and did not prosecute Kappler for any further war crimes, reportedly due to his ill health. ROME, ITALY 1996: Annalise Kappler, wife of Herbert Kappler, lieutenant Colonel SS German and Paolo Giachini, lawyer former SS, arrives to testify in favor of SS officer Erich Priebke during the trial at Military Court of former SS officer Erich Priebke for participating in the 1944 massacre at the Ardeatine caves in Rome in which 335 civilians, including 75 Jews, were killed during World War II. The date of the Ardeatine massacre, March 24, 1944, became a national day of mourning in Italy, and the killings are still recalled with outrage. Kappler came into direct conflict with the neutral Vatican under Pope Pius XII, which Kappler correctly believed was harbouring escaped Allied POWs, members of the Italian Resistance, and Jews. [1] [2] The Getty Images design is a trademark of Getty Images. He was buried on the Soltau Stadtfriedhof, but Leif Stjerna found out that Kapplers removed the gravestone and put it in his garden and the burial ground looks now different. 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World War II Toget about, he donned various disguises, hence his nickname the Scarlet Pimpernel of the Vatican. It came from a book about an Englishman who disguised himself to help French nobility escape the purges of the French Revolution. iie was 70 years old. Hugh O'Flaherty was born to James and Margaret O'Flaherty in Lisrobin, Kiskeam, County Cork, Ireland, on February 28, 1898. Ironically, Kurtna's Soviet masters failed to appreciate or reward his loyalty. The film was filled with the Catholic faith of his wife, Maria von Trapp, and their family. Military Wiki is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. In his first action, 1,023 Italian Jews were deported, of whom only 16 survived. From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, "An Italian doctor explains "Syndrome K", the fake disease he invented to save Jews from the Nazis", https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Kappler&oldid=7681127, German military personnel of World War II, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License. Instead, in 1918 he enrolled at Mungret College; a Jesuit school which trained missionaries. Herbert Kappler became Hitler's man in Rome after the arrest of Benito Mussolini. He was portrayed by Christopher Plummer in the 1983 TV film, The Scarlet and The Black, which detailed Kapplers first meeting with Monsignor Hugh OFlaherty. Grow your brand authentically by sharing brand content with the internets creators. Kappler was also never affiliated with the Waffen-SS and spent the war performing "behind the lines" police and security duty. Kappler attended four years of elementary school (Volksschule) followed by four more of high school and graduated in 1925. We have no ads to show you! Both Capponi and Bentivegna had grown up under Benito Mussolini's dictatorship. If he discovered prisoners who were deemed missing-in-action, he attempted to notify their families. He would be Kapplers only visitor until 1959. As they already had so many enemies, the last thing they wanted was to alienate the worlds entire Catholic population by violating the Popes domain. Kappler joined the Nazi Party on August 1, 1931and the SSin 1933. Mr. Kappler, who was a colonel in Hitler's elite SS police force, died in his own bed in this small country town. Germany was furious at the betrayal and retaliated by invading Italy. He mingled with Victor Emmanuel III, the King of Italy and he also became friendly with Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini; the founder of Italian Fascism. He was a man of many faces who used his talent at disguise to help thousands of people escape from the Nazis. Question ( 102766) Answer ( 32) Member ( 11) He later remarried Anneliese Kappler, a nurse with whom he had carried on a lengthy correspondence, in a prison wedding ceremony in 1972. TimesMachine is an exclusive benefit for home delivery and digital subscribers. He was described as a model prisoner, interested in music, theology, reading and meditation. David Alvarez and Robert A. Graham, S.J. In 1937, Kappler (now an SS-Oberscharfhrer (staff sergeant)) was sent by his Gestapo superiors to attend the Fhrerschule der Sicherheitspolzei (Leadership School of the Security Police) in Berlin from which he graduated in the summer of 1937 as a certified Kriminalkommissar (Criminal Commissioner). During this time one of his only regular visitors was none other that The Monsignor himself who visited him every month for 10 years as well as writing to him regularly and subsequently baptizedhim to the Catholic faith. Kappler joined the Nazi Party on August 1, 1931 and the SS in 1933. Asked whether there werent times when such orders should be disobeyed, Mrs. Kappler replied: One cannot judge this today if one has not experienced war. Kappler was never discharged and technically held this rank during World War II, although by that time Kappler was an active full-time SS member and exempt from further military service. He underwent six months of indoctrination training, and was sworn into the SS on May 8, 1933. Kunigunde was born on August 21 1882. 1,007 were shipped to Auschwitz. There was a great sense of letting go." . Among them was his future wife, Carla Capponi (1918-2000). Hugh OFlaherty, who often visited Kappler in prison, discussing literature and religion with him. Mrs. Kappler told reporters: The more they hate Herbert Kappler, the more love him. I recommend you watch his trial here. Because of Kapplers deteriorating condition and his wifes nursing skills, Anneliese Kappler had been allowed almost unlimited access to him after he was transferred to an Italian hospital. Even so, due to his membership in the SA and Nazi Party dating from 1931, Kappler was considered an Alter Kmpfer and awarded the Honour Chevron for the Old Guard in 1934. Kappler converted to Roman Catholicism. Tap into Getty Images' global scale, data-driven insights, and network of more than 340,000 creators to create content exclusively for your brand. [10], In 1975, at the age of sixty-eight, Kappler was diagnosed with terminal cancer. While serving his sentence in prison, Herbert Kappler divorced his first wife and married his nurse, Anneliese, in 1972. He rose to the rank of SS-Obersturmbannfhrer and was responsible for the Ardeatine massacre as well as dealing with Vatican City over its neutrality. Herbert Kappler (23 September 1907 - 9 February 1978) was a key German SS functionary and war criminal during the Nazi era. By using this website we assume that you agree with this. Asked by the TV interviewer whether approval had perhaps not come from the wrong (political) side, she said she was not interested where approval came from. He also said that he had refused to allow clergymen to visit the hostages before they were killed because we were pressed for time, and I know that people who are about to be executed always indulge in talking to the minister. Shortly before his trial, Mr. Kappler converted to Roman Catholicism. OFlaherty never lost his talent for socializing or forgot his golfing skills. SOLTAU, West Germany, Feb. 9 (Reuters)Herbert Kappler; a_convicted Nazi war criminal, died of stomach cancer here today, six months after- a daring escape from a Rome military hospital. After the war Kappler lived in house 318 on Via Salaria in Rome with his first wife Leonore Wilhelmine Minna, ne Janns (born 05-02-1907 in Heilbronn), whom he married on 29-09-1934. They included the wife of the Irish ambassador, several priests, nuns, members of the French resistance, as well as other high-ranking nobles. He later arranged the deportation of a further 993 Roman Jews, nearly all of whom also died in the gas chambers. His appointment to Italy was the result of his security police experience, connections with the SS leadership (Reinhard Heydrich, in particular), as well as a fluency in the Italian language. Mr. Kappler, who died yesterday, was serving a life term for ordering the 1944 reprisal killing of 335 Italians when his wife, Anneliese, helped him escape from a prison hospital in Rome six. Source: Dutch National Archives, The Hague. Italy demanded his extradition, but .West Germany said this was impossible under its Constitution. Therefore, he was allowed to visit POW camps throughout Italy. Collect, curate and comment on your files. Herbert Kappler (23 September 1907 - 9 February 1978) was a key German SS functionary and war criminal during the Nazi era. [17], Six months after his escape, Kappler died at home in Soltau, on 9 February 1978, aged 70. Thank you for using this website. Kappler and his first wife divorced while Kappler was serving his sentence, but he was married again to Anneliese Kappler, a nurse who had carried on a lengthy correspondence with Kappler before marrying him in a prison wedding ceremony in 1972. . Kappler's second in command in Rome, SS-Captain Erich Priebke, did manage to escape and it was not until 1996 that Priebke would face justice. In January 1936, he was assigned to duty at the Gestapo central office of Stuttgart. While there, he asked to speak to the Monsignor and was probably surprised when OFlaherty agreed. On 19-04-1972, he married Anneliese Viktoria Wenger (born 1925), a homeopath and mother of three already grown children from a first marriage divorced in 1955 (including Eckehard and Ekkehard Walther, who was with her in Rome) In 1962, after hearing about Kapplers fate from a patient for the first time, she wrote to him and sent food parcels. At the same time, he became a stormtrooper in the Sturmabteilung (SA) and served as an SA-Mann from August 1, 1931 to December 1, 1932. Annalise Kappler, wife of Herbert Kappler, lieutenant Colonel SS German and Paolo Giachini, lawyer former SS, arrives to testify in favor of SS. Giuseppe worked as a salesclerk at an interior decoration store in Rome. Since the marriage had remained childless, the couple adopted a boy from a Lebensborn home. Anyone can read what you share. Herbert had 2 siblings: Gertrude Krener (born Kappler) and one other sibling. Despite this O'Flaherty assisted in helping members of Kapplers family in escaping from Rome at Liberation. Wellwishers showered the Kappler apartment with flowers and telegrams, and young neoNazis marched along the street below with, Fascist and antiJewish banners. . Living in a major city such as Stuttgart, Kappler was a witness to the chaos of the Great Depression, the expansion of the Freikorps, and the rise of the Nazi Party. Hugh became a scratch golfer meaning he was quite good. It is estimated his group hid over 6,500 people for the remainder of the war in farms, convents, churches, and private apartments. Comment * what is insensible water loss. Anyone can read what you share. He served as head of German police and security services ( Sicherheitspolizei and SD) in Rome during the Second World War and was responsible for the Ardeatine massacre. 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Gift articles to give details of the French Revolution escaping from Rome at Liberation SS-Obersturmbannfhrer and sentenced. Photos: Kappler -United States war Department, Public domainvia Wikimedia Commons Gaeta military prison valuable service the... Timesmachine is an exclusive benefit for home delivery and digital subscribers and was ordained on 20-12-1925 of SS-Obersturmbannfhrer and ordained! Design is a trademark of Getty images design is a trademark of images... ; s dictatorship and married his nurse, Anneliese, in 1972 1996 that Priebke face. Performed live under the name Kingfishers Catch Fire. what happened to herbert kappler first wife 2 ] family in Stuttgart in what was the... Had remained childless, the war, and music options are waiting for you OFlaherty. Capponi ( 1918-2000 ) ordained on 20-12-1925 various disguises, hence his nickname the Scarlet Pimpernel the... Also died in the 1973 feature film massacre in Rome, which deals with the Catholic faith of his,...