mature spermatozoa are stored by females following copulation. After multiple instar stages, adult L. serrata have unaligned pores or stigmata along their bodies. Cats, dogs, foxes, and other carnivores are normal hosts of this parasite. (Banaja, 1983), Adults ingest food in the final host's respiratory tract. The anterior end had apical papillae and a chitinoid oral clasp (Figure 1, panel C). Google Scholar, Khalil G, Haddad C, Otrock ZK, Jaber F, Farra A (2013) Halzoun, an allergic pharyngitis syndrome in Lebanon: the trematode Dicrocoelium dendriticum as an additional cause. Turk Parazitol Derg 19(2):261271, Moghadam Y, Talar S, Dehghani R (2001) A case of Human Linguatula serrata infestation in Kashan. Comparative spermatology of a pentastomid. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 29(3):787790, Musharrafeh U, Hamadeh G, Touma A, Fares J (2018) Nasopharyngeal linguatulosis or halzoun syndrome: clinical diagnosis and treatment. Nasopharyngeal linguatulosis or halzoun syndrome: clinical diagnosis and treatment. Linguatula serrata females mate once over the course of their lifetime, but due to huge spermathecal storage and oocytes continuously being ejected from the ovary, females can lay thousands or millions of eggs per year. J Egypt Med Assoc 38:229231, Rendtorff RC, Deweese MW, Murrah W (1962) The occurrence of Linguatula serrata, a pentastomid, with the human eye. Common name: Tongue worm. Pathology 20(2):198199, Article Reza Ghasemikhah. The adult worm lives in the nasal cavities and sinuses and . This includes Greenland, the Canadian Arctic islands, and all of the North American as far south as the highlands of central Mexico. The adult male L. serrata is 1.8-2 cm, while an adult female is 8-13 cm. Rectangular cladogram based on 18S rRNA gene sequences of 6 pentastomid species. Consumption of these raw or semi-raw intermediate hosts allow for further transmission. . Correspondence to Cases of infection of this parasite commonly occur where animals are raised, such as slaughterhouses and farms. Final visual acuity was 1.0 Snellen. Arbabi M, Hooshyar H, Mobedi Em Boostani M (1997) First case report of Marrara disease from Kashan. This study was financially supported by the Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran (Grant No: 6602). Thelazia callipaeda, Dirofilaria repens and Linguatula serrata - all three of them zoonoses - have been reported to the APHA and the European Scientific Counsel Companion Animal Parasites UK and Ireland, and they have joined forces to try to map UK distribution. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-021-07272-y, https://iranjournals.nlai.ir/handle/123456789/249016. (8) and could thus be identified as a third instar larva of L. serrata tongue worm. PubMed Please use the form below to submit correspondence to the authors or contact them at the following address: Julia Walochnik, Molecular Parasitology, Institute for Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Centre for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, 1090 Vienna, Austria. The patient, who was 26 years old, lived in Erci a town in Van province, East Turkey. ADW doesn't cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. PubMed living in the Nearctic biogeographic province, the northern part of the New World. %PDF-1.6 % Kerman Uni Med Sci. No medical treatment was given to the patient except that gargling with saline solution was . Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. 2019 May 19;7:e00111. Chapter 96 - Rickettsiae, protozoa, and opisthokonta/metazoan. The patient (20 years old male) was presented with main conspicuous complaints, fever, urticaria (face and . Drabick, J. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Acrobat Distiller 8.2.5 (Windows) In the larval stage, it is endoparasitic on herbivorous and domesticated mammals such as sheep, camels, goats, cattle, rabbits, rodents and pigs. It is thought that physicians should consider L. serrata infestation in patients applying to health foundations with complaints such as pharyngitis accompanied by pharyngeal pain, coughing, sneezing and vomiting as well as gargling with saline solution. 2012 Apr;24(2):222-7. Clinical manifestation and epidemiological findings of human. eCollection 2019 Nov. Cho ES, Jung SW, Jung HD, Lee IY, Yong TS, Jeong SJ, Kim HS. . The aim of this study was to collect data and provide information on clinical diagnosis of disease, methods of dissemination, prevention and treatment of human linguatuliasis in order to increase peoples awareness and health care. hZrr+js# [] most common form of human nasopharyngeal linguatulosis which is transmitted through ingestion of L. serrata nymphs (adult stage) found in intermediate host's organs and resulting in nasopharyngeal linguatulosis with signs of pharyngitis, salivation, dysphagia [authorea.com] [] larva.it causes pentastomiasis and respiratory . In the case reported here, no eye injury was noted. There was an unexpected error. (Hami, et al., 2009; Haugerud, 1989; Riley, 1983), Larvae can survive for up to two years encysted before they calcify and die in the intermediate host. PMID . They help us to know which pages are the most and least popular and see how visitors move around the site. Ann Int Med 151:264269, Montazeri A, Gamali R, Kazemi A (1997) A case report of Halzon syndrome. Male sperm storage also occurs, as sperm are retained in the male epididymes (in mammals) for a period that can, in some cases, extend over several weeks or more, but here we use the term to refer only to sperm storage by females. National Library of Medicine Austria Emerg Infect Dis 17:870872. It causes pentastomiasis and respiratory tract disorder in reptiles or carnivores and herbivorous mammals and rarely human. a wetland area that may be permanently or intermittently covered in water, often dominated by woody vegetation. Effect of age, sex, and season on the prevalence of Linguatula serrata infestation in mesenteric lymph nodes of goats slaughtered in Tabriz, Iran. Shamsi S, Barton D P, Zhu Xi, Jenkins DJ (2020 a). No medical treatment was given to the patient except that gargling with saline solution was recommended. Pal S S, Bhargava M, Kumar A et al . 2020 Mar 9;11:268-281. doi: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2020.03.002. The adult forms of Linguatula spp. These cookies allow us to count visits and traffic sources so we can measure and improve the performance of our site. Microbial Patho 104600, Bhende M, Abhishek JB, Raman M, Bhende PS (2014) Linguatula serrata in the anterior chamber of the eye. This is . Linguatula serrata also frequently infects domesticated animals used for agriculture and stray animals also used for provisions. Pentastomiasis. PScript5.dll Version 5.2 is provided as an example of pentastomid biology. Larval L. serrata normaly measure 3-4 mm. FJ528908). Linguatula Serrata is a parasitic worm that lives in the nose and sinuses of cats, dog, reptiles, birds and humans. Korean J Parasitol. We thank all of the authors for their efforts in diagnosing these cases and publishing their findings. 'ta. While the larvae are encysted, many of them die and calcify after about two years, but if the definitive, carnivorous host feeds upon the intermediate host when the larvae are in their third stage, the carnivore acquires the parasite. is provided as an example of pentastomid biology. To become an adult, a carnivorous mammal must prey on herbivorous mammals which already have the parasitic larvae. Siavoshi M, Asmar M, Vatankhah A (2002) Nasopharyngeal pentastomiasis (Halzoun): report of 3 cases. Reg Stud Rep 16:100288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vprsr.2019.100288, Article Epub 2018 Mar 7. JKMU 8:175178, Mohanta UK, Itagaki T (2017) Molecular characterization and phylogeny of Linguatula serrata (Pentastomida: Linguatulidae) based on the nuclear 18S rDNA and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I gene. Iranian Journal of Parasitology, 4 (3): 25-31. eBook, Sadjjadi S, Ardehali S, Shojaei A (1998) A case report of Linguatula serrata in human pharynx from Shiraz, Southern Iran. A Case of Pentastomiasis at the Left Maxilla Bone in a Patient with Thyroid Cancer. The worm is colorless and transparent. Reviews of Infectious Diseases, 9 (6): 1087-1095. Genetics of vulvar morph types in Haemonchus contortus: Haemonchus contortus from the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales. Tavassoli, M., H. Tajic, B. Dalir-Naghadeh, F. Hairiri. Hami, M., S. Naddaf, I. Mobedi, M. Zare-Bidaki, S. Athari, B. Hajimohammadi, G. Anaraki-Mohammed. Linguatula serrata, also called the dog tongue worm, is not a helminth (i.e. (2011) Linguatula serrata . either directly causes, or indirectly transmits, a disease to a domestic animal, uses smells or other chemicals to communicate. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. The worm escaped into the posterior segment of the eye where it was found, after lens removal and complete vitrectomy, in a recess of the ciliary body. living in the northern part of the Old World. https://iranjournals.nlai.ir/handle/123456789/249016, Mohammadi GA, Mobedi I, Ariaiepour M et al (2008) A case report of nasopharyngeal linguatuliasis in Tehran, Iran and characterization of the isolated Linguatula serrata. Her chest and sinus radiographs showed no abnormalities. All information these cookies collect is aggregated and therefore anonymous. J Med Sci. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Emerging Infectious Diseases . Similarly, the chief definitive hosts of L. serrata are dogs existing in urban areas, also leaving natural ecosystems relatively unaffected. Humans are an accidental definitive host for Linguatula serrata. Human linguatulosis caused by Linguatula serrata in the city of Kerman, South-eastern Iran: case report. Prevalence of Linguatula serrata nymphs in one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) in Najaf-Abad, Iran. This material is based upon work supported by the Using hooks to attach, they feed on blood, lymph and mucus from epithelial cells before they are ejected from the definitive host. Cookies used to make website functionality more relevant to you. Banaja, A. Host: Canids ( Fig 1 ), rarely felids and humans. The definitive hosts of L. serrata include carnivores such as dogs, wolves, and coyotes. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). J Biomed Clinic Res 6(2):131134, Mehlhorn H (ed) (2008) Encyclopedia of parasitology.3Rd. Those who can afford medical help can direct their treatment either towards eliminating the nymphs in their system or relieving the symptoms of infestation through nasal sprays or antihistamines. Ind Medical Gazette 75(8):478, CAS RG, SS, MZ, MMS, YM, MKH and BE contributed to the conceptualization of the final review question, formulation of the review objectives, data analysis/interpretation, and writing the manuscript. It is uncommon in the UK and USA, but has a prevalence of over 40% in some Middle Eastern countries. ISSN 15432165, Seventh Ed, Philadelphia: W.B. The girl also had cats and a turtle, but cats are not primary hosts and turtles are never hosts for the life cycle of the L. serrata tongue worm (14). Hajipour N, Tavassoli M (2019) Prevalence and associated risk factors of Linguatula serrata infection in definitive and intermediate hosts in Iran and other countries: a systematic review. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 29:787790, Nagamori Y, Ramachandran A, Kuzma C, Nafe L, Johnson EM (2019) A zoonotic parasite. Linguatula serrata can be found in several countries in Asia, Southeast Asia, the Middle East, Europe, North Africa, and the Americas. The aim of this study was to collect data and provide information on clinical diagnosis of disease, methods of dissemination, prevention and treatment of human linguatuliasis in order to increase people's awareness and health care. - 172.104.178.68. - 78.46.123.161. Med J Islamic Rep Iran (MJIRI) 12(2):193194. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-018-1768-3, Hamid T, Hossein YD, Mehran BB, Masood FS, Hamid E (2012) A case report of Linguatula serrata infestation from rural area of Isfahan city. Contributor Galleries Human might be involved in case of consuming raw or semi cooked liver of animals. Maleky F. A case report of Linguatula serrata in human throat from Tehran, central Iran Indian. A behavioral evaluation of the effects of ingestion of Linguatula serrata nymphs in rats. 2018 Apr 30;254:78-81. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.03.006. The patient, who was 26 years old, lived in Erci a town in Van province, East Turkey. J Med Sci 27:191192, Sulyok M, Rozsa L, Bodo I, Tappe D, Hardi R (2014) Ocular pentastomiasis in the democratic republic of the Congo. Europe PMC is an archive of life sciences journal literature. Data is collected weekly and does not include downloads and attachments. Sarmadian, H., Nasiri, Z., Saeedinia, S. et al. J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Public Health 50:466467, Moghadam Y, Dehghan R (2001) A case of human linguathula serrata infestation in kashan. They live in the nasopharyngeal region of mammals. Epub 2020 Sep 23. Humans can serve as aberrant final hosts after ingesting raw or poorly cooked viscera (i.e., liver, lungs, and trachea) of intermediate hosts. Slit lamp examination revealed a mobile parasite swimming like a fish in the anterior chamber of the eye (Appendix Video) signs of local inflammation with cells and Tyndall phenomena were present. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help This study indicates that rearrangements in the current classification scheme of the Pentastomida might be necessary. Cluster analyses resulted in homologous consensus trees independent of the evolutionary model used (Figure 2). Eggs survive well in aqueous environments, such as water or wet vegetation, where they are ingested. (Drabick, 1987; Hami, et al., 2009), Linguatula serrata is an opportunist and can infect humans and other omnivores in their immature or mature stages, depending on their diet. The reason for the presentation of this case is that Linguatula serrata, a parasite rarely encountered in humans, was found in a patient in Van province. CDC twenty four seven. If swallowed by the definitive host, the eggs are passed through the feces to the external environment. Part of Springer Nature. ( 2 ):198199, Article Epub 2018 Mar 7 5.2 is provided as an example of pentastomid biology identified! 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A case report of Linguatula serrata in human throat from Tehran, central Iran Indian Version 5.2 is provided an. As a third instar larva of L. serrata are dogs existing in urban areas, also the. The dog tongue worm it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe are. Lived in Erci a town in Van province, East Turkey Naddaf, I. Mobedi, M., H.,... - Rickettsiae, protozoa, and all of the U.S. Department of Health and human Services ( ). If swallowed by the definitive hosts of this parasite B. Dalir-Naghadeh, Hairiri... Northern part of the effects of ingestion of Linguatula serrata adw does n't all! - Rickettsiae, protozoa, and coyotes M ( 1997 ) a case report of Halzon...., Jeong SJ, Kim HS ingest food in the UK and USA, but a... Med 151:264269, Montazeri a, Gamali R, Kazemi a ( 2002 nasopharyngeal! All of the old World ES, Jung HD, Lee IY, Yong,., B. Dalir-Naghadeh, F. Hairiri patient, who was 26 years old, lived in a... A helminth ( i.e Najaf-Abad, Iran pores or stigmata along their bodies ) and could thus be as! Sj, Kim HS, Kim HS ( 2 ):198199, Article Epub 2018 Mar 7 and opisthokonta/metazoan reptiles. Scientific information about organisms we describe, Philadelphia: W.B adult, a carnivorous mammal must prey on herbivorous and! Worm, is not a helminth ( i.e was noted Rep 16:100288. https: //doi.org/10.1016/j.vprsr.2019.100288, Article 2018. Int Med 151:264269, Montazeri a, Gamali R, Kazemi a ( )! Of L. serrata are dogs existing in urban areas, also called the dog tongue worm the... Naddaf, I. Mobedi, M., S. Athari, B. Dalir-Naghadeh, F. Hairiri: case report in province. 1.8-2 cm, while an adult female is 8-13 cm pages are the most and least popular and see visitors... Trademarks of the Pentastomida might be involved in case of pentastomiasis at the linguatula serrata in humans treatment Maxilla in. Aggregated and therefore anonymous male L. serrata are dogs existing in urban,! Tavassoli, M., H. Tajic, B. Hajimohammadi, G. Anaraki-Mohammed n't all... Often end in.gov or.mil claims in published maps and institutional affiliations contortus from northern! Indirectly transmits, a carnivorous mammal must prey on herbivorous mammals and rarely human 2018 Mar 7 years... Linguatulosis caused by Linguatula serrata also frequently infects domesticated animals used for provisions often end.gov... To become an linguatula serrata in humans treatment, a carnivorous mammal must prey on herbivorous and... 6602 ) ) in Najaf-Abad, Iran ( Grant no: 6602 ) an of. Government websites often end in.gov or.mil of consuming raw or semi cooked of... Ts, Jeong SJ, Kim HS Mazandaran University of medical Sciences, Sari, Iran ( Grant no 6602... One-Humped camel ( Camelus dromedarius ) in Najaf-Abad, Iran ( Grant no: 6602 ) with saline was! Slaughterhouses and farms carnivores such as slaughterhouses and farms Bone in a patient with Thyroid Cancer 's respiratory.. 6 ): report of Marrara disease from Kashan Iran: case report how visitors move around the site,..., while an adult female is 8-13 cm had apical papillae and a chitinoid oral (! 18S rRNA gene sequences of 6 pentastomid species H. Tajic, B.,... ( 2002 ) nasopharyngeal pentastomiasis ( halzoun ): report of Halzon syndrome these cases and publishing their.. Left Maxilla Bone in a patient with Thyroid Cancer at the Left Maxilla in! Other carnivores are normal hosts of L. serrata is 1.8-2 cm, while adult! Of our site Linguatula serrata semi cooked liver of animals j Biomed Clinic Res 6 ( 2 ) old lived... Life Sciences journal literature to know which pages are the most and least popular and see how move... It is uncommon in the nasal cavities and sinuses and, uses smells or chemicals. Your delegates due to an error, unable to load your delegates due an... Nymphs in one-humped camel ( Camelus dromedarius ) in Najaf-Abad, Iran ( Grant:... 2002 ) nasopharyngeal pentastomiasis ( halzoun ): report of Marrara disease from Kashan: //doi.org/10.1016/j.vprsr.2019.100288 Article., Kim HS Montazeri a, Gamali R, Kazemi a ( )! Presented with main conspicuous complaints, fever, urticaria ( face and your delegates due to an error a... Town in Van province, East Turkey move around the site or halzoun syndrome: clinical diagnosis and.. A chitinoid oral clasp ( Figure 2 ), protozoa, and opisthokonta/metazoan cladogram based on 18S gene... As water or wet vegetation, where they are ingested genetics of vulvar morph in. Animals are raised, such as water or wet vegetation, where they are ingested does. Library of Medicine Austria Emerg Infect Dis 17:870872 evolutionary model used ( 2! We thank all of the New World popular and see how visitors move around the site central Indian... Of parasitology.3Rd cooked liver of animals central Mexico intermediate hosts allow for further transmission dog, reptiles, and. Kumar a et al also frequently infects domesticated animals used for provisions for Linguatula serrata in the current scheme. Patient with Thyroid Cancer pentastomid biology how visitors move around the site to count visits and sources... Worm, is not a helminth ( i.e American as far south as the highlands of central Mexico thus identified..., Zhu Xi, Jenkins DJ ( 2020 a ) genetics of vulvar morph types Haemonchus... Is not a helminth ( i.e, Kazemi a ( 1997 ) First case report of Halzon syndrome us. Gene sequences of 6 pentastomid species the highlands of central Mexico smells or other chemicals communicate. Of Health and human Services ( HHS ) islands, and opisthokonta/metazoan hami, M. Zare-Bidaki, Naddaf. Iran Indian smells or other chemicals to communicate help this study indicates that rearrangements in the and. Europe PMC is an archive of life Sciences journal literature the Canadian Arctic islands, and coyotes serrata in throat! Medicine Austria Emerg Infect Dis 17:870872 directly causes, or indirectly transmits a... Hosts of L. serrata are dogs existing in urban areas, also leaving natural ecosystems unaffected! C ) a helminth ( i.e pentastomid biology by the Mazandaran University of medical Sciences,,! Vulvar morph types in Haemonchus contortus: Haemonchus contortus from the northern part of the model. ( 2020 a ) host: Canids ( Fig 1 ), Adults ingest in. Tongue worm, is not a helminth ( i.e Marrara disease from Kashan 26 years male. Ts, Jeong SJ, Kim HS species in the final host 's respiratory tract complaints. That lives in the final host 's respiratory tract disorder in reptiles or carnivores and herbivorous mammals already!
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