Add lukewarm water to two plastic cups. No employee is on any part of the scaffold which extends outward beyond the wheels, casters, or other supports. Hardware should be included to fasten the planks into place. Fixed Scaffolding Erection Scaffold must be erected, moved, or disassembled only by and under the supervision of qualied persons. Float Scaffold. Ensure the surface on which the scaffold will be erected is firm, level and capable of It provides a safe and stable platform for workers. Be supported by bearing blocks securely attached to the poles. Scaffolding refers to the plant components and materials that, when assembled, form a scaffold. Wood splice plates shall be provided on at least two adjacent sides, and shall extend at least 2 feet (0.6 m) on either side of the splice, overlap the abutted ends equally, and have at least the same cross-sectional areas as the pole. The footing of scaffolding must be sound and rigid, capable of supporting the weight. One who is capable of identifying existing and predictable hazards in the surroundings, or working conditions which are unsanitary, hazardous, or dangerous to employees, and who has authorization to take prompt corrective measures to eliminate them is a/n ______________: Providing worker training on the safe use of the equipment being operated is the responsibility of the: To protect against caught-in or -between hazards, a worker should not only avoid wearing loose clothing or jewelry, but also a worker should avoid: Performing maintenance or adjustment on equipment/machinery that hasnt been locked-out. Each bracket shall be attached to the securing wire rope (or ropes) by a positive locking device capable of preventing the unintentional detachment of the bracket from the rope, or by equivalent means. Do Not Try To Drive More Than______Hours In Any One Day. Prior to starting all demolition operations, OSHA 1926.850 (a) requires that: One of the most important elements of the pre-job planning is: Proper equipment for prompt transportation of an injured worker, as well as a communication system to contact any necessary ambulance service, must be available: A structural material with tensioned steel strands embedded inside, which compress the concrete and give it extra strength. Position the first level of bracing as close to the base as possible. potential hazards that employers and workers need to be aware of so they can take the Every element of your orientation must be exact. There are a number of requirements that employers must do to protect their workers from caught-in or between hazards. The critical first step in developing a comprehensive safety and health program is to identify physical and health hazards at a work site. The entire supporting structure shall be securely braced to prevent any horizontal movement. Scaffolds must be plumb, level, and squared. feet in the air to build skyscrapers or repair monuments like the Statue of Liberty. A scaffold is a temporary structure specifically erected to support access or working platforms. D. A hole of any shape with a depth that exceeds 15 feet. Smith, Michael Abbott, Fundamentals of Engineering Economic Analysis, David Besanko, Mark Shanley, Scott Schaefer. Scaffolding means a convenient platform for persons to work at height. Scaffold is not level because it was erected without base plates on an uneven surface. Acceptable fall protection systems allowed include guardrails, safety nets, safety harnesses , positioning device systems and fall restraint systems. The following examp le is based on building a scaffold that is 2.1 x 1.5 m (7 x 5 ft.) x 1 frame high. U-bolt wire rope clips shall not be used on any wire rope used to secure brackets or to serve as an anchor for personal fall arrest systems. Diagonal bracing in both directions shall be installed across the entire inside face of double-pole scaffolds used to support loads equivalent to a uniformly distributed load of 50 pounds (22.7 kg) or more per square foot (929 square cm). 25. By whitelisting SlideShare on your ad-blocker, you are supporting our community of content creators. Plumb and level the scaffold as it is being erected. B. when do Falls from scaffolds most likely occur, Guards rails must have a minimum height of _______and they must be installed where, 38 inches and along the open sides and ends of a scaffold, Guardrails are not needed on the fromt ( building side) of the scaffold when, 1. the front end of all platforms is less than 14 inches from the face of the work Scaffolds and components must be able to support at least four times the intended load. Scaffolding must be installed by a competent person, following regulations, the manufacturer's instructions, and good engineering practice. B. (b) Tube and Coupler Scaffolds. All brace connections shall be secured. Crossbracing shall be installed between the inner and outer sets of poles on double pole scaffolds. Scaffolding is used for renovations, construction, maintenance, installations, and much more. Electricity travels in closed circuits, and its normal route is through a conductor. Consider printing out and using a scaffolding safety procedures checklist. All jacks lever and ratchet jacks, screw jacks, and hydraulic jacks must have a device that stops them from: A narrow excavation made below the surface of the ground in which the depth is greater than the width with the width not to exceed 15 feet. When only two ropes are used with each float: They shall be arranged so as to provide four ends which are securely fastened to overhead supports. Fasten all couplers and/or connections securely before assembling the next level . The height to base width ratio of the scaffold during movement is two to one or less, unless the scaffold is designed and constructed to meet or exceed nationally recognized stability test requirements such as those listed in paragraph 2. All hazards involved in the use of power tools can be prevented by following five basic safety rules: Keep all tools in good condition with regular maintenance; examine each tool for damage before use; operate according to the manufacturers instructions; provide and use the proper protective equipment; and: Live parts of electric equipment operating at 50 volts or more must be: While any employee is exposed to contact with parts of electric equipment or circuits that have been de-energized, the circuits energizing the parts shall be: The two best means of avoiding electrical shock or injury when working with power tools are: The majority of todays power line accidents occur because: Of failure to maintain proper work distances. Diagonal braces shall be installed on all sides of each square. A staging area is available. Employers must: Ensure that the safety monitor is a competent person knowledgeable about fall protection. The ladder jack shall be so designed and constructed that it will bear on the side rails and ladder rungs or on the ladder rungs alone. Bearers must extend a minimum of 3 inches over the outside edge of runners. The two steps for avoiding hazards that are always taken before the need for PPE is considered are: The three main scaffold types are aerial lifts, supported scaffolds and: Because using cranes or derricks to hoist personnel poses a serious risk to the employees being lifted, any cranes and derricks that hoist personnel must: Be placed on a firm foundation and be uniformly level within 1 percent of level grade. The four lifting principles that govern a cranes mobility and safety during lifting operations are: Center of gravity, leverage, stability and structural integrity. B. Scaffolds shall be equipped with additional independent support lines, equal in number to the number of points supported, and of equivalent strength to the suspension ropes, and rigged to support the scaffold in the event the suspension rope(s) fail. Yet, because of the nature of where and how it is used, scaffolding can present many potential hazards. Scaffolds, once properly erected, are a control measure to prevent the risk of persons and objects falling when working at height. The original scaffold layout is still feasible. . 6. Then a few days before the scaff o l d materials are delivered, make a final jobsite check for the following items. Protect themselves by wearing the proper PPE The poles, legs, or uprights of scaffolds must be plumb, and securely and rigidly braced to prevent swaying and displacement. Hard hats must be worn by all persons erecting, moving, dismantling or using scaffolding. The scaffold must be erected with cross, horiz ontal, or diagonal braces, or combination. No Free-standing scaffolds be higher than 4 times the minimum base dimension. Scaffolds made of wood shall be reinforced with gussets on both sides of each corner. As mentioned in this module, in addition to cave-ins and related hazards, workers involved in excavation work also are exposed to hazards involving: Falls, falling loads and mobile equipment. each of the hazards. The mission of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is: A. Passage may be made from one platform to another only when the platforms are at the same height, are abutting, and walk-through stirrups specifically designed for this purpose are used. Only employees need to demonstrate and practice safe manual lifting techniques. You can read the details below. (w) of appendix A to this subpart; "Stilts." It appears that you have an ad-blocker running. Suspension scaffold rigging must at least 6 times the intended load. 1926.454 When platforms are being moved to the next level, the existing platform shall be left undisturbed until the new bearers have been set in place and braced, prior to receiving the new platforms. Engineering and Administrative Controls. Unsafe scaffolding has the potential to result in death or serious . Brackets (including those provided with pointed metal projections) shall be anchored in place by nails unless it is impractical to use nails. ( 1) Scaffolds made of wood shall be reinforced with gussets on both sides of each corner. You do not have access to www.concreteconstruction.net. a scaffold must be erected plumb, square and level because [, A space of at least 3 inches between handrails, or stair rails used as handrails, and other objects. and must be provided on any scaffold 10 feet or more above a lower level. 1. Special operations and avoidance techniques In the case of materials handling, storage, use and disposal, remember that the main hazards are injuries from: Because the number of injuries from operating powered industrial trucks was on the rise, the OSHA standard for Powered Industrial Trucks was revised March 1, 1999. c. The Law of Conservation of Matter must be followed. Install a suitable means of access, such as a sloping or vertical ladder secured to the scaffold at the landing point. Found a mistake? All brace connections shall be secured. Is this an exothermic or endothermic process? Correct scaffold erection is one of the key factors that ensure scaffold safety. Where conditions preclude the attachment of bracing to posts, bracing shall be attached to the runners as close to the post as possible. A supported scaffolding height-to-base ratio of . True or False: Before the advent of OSHA, a cohesive system of separate rules existed that effectively governed the American workplace. Plumb and brace poles, legs, posts, frames, and uprights to prevent swaying and displacement. Identify site specific hazards not identified in the preplanning stage. Before a scaffold is moved, each employee on the scaffold shall be made aware of the move. Power systems used to propel mobile scaffolds shall be designed for such use. The knowledgeable user knows how to select the right scaffold for the sawhorses; others are much more complex, such as the scaffolds erected hundreds of The scaffold assembly must be designed to comply with Local, State and Federal safety requirements. 5. The three main scaffold types are aerial lifts, supported scaffolds and: A. Tubular scaffolds Caster stems and wheel stems shall be pinned or otherwise secured in scaffold legs or adjustment screws. CapacityScaffolds and scaffold components must support at least 4 times the maximum intended load. "Two-point adjustable suspension scaffolds (swing stages)." At holes, guardrail systems must be set up: The top edge of a guardrail must be from 39 to 45 inches above the walking/working level, and there must also be a means of protection from: Falling objects between top rail and walking surface. The platform shall be supported by a minimum of two bearers, each of which shall project a minimum of 6 inches (15.2 cm) beyond the platform on both sides. ( e) Bricklayers' square scaffolds (squares). Activate your 30 day free trialto continue reading. B. 1926.451(a)(1) and (3) TrainingEmployers must train each employee who works on a scaffold on the hazards and the procedures to control the hazards. 7. for construction, the agency estimated that by protecting these millions of workers from A training program to teach proper lifting techniques should cover: Knowledge of the basic anatomy of the spine, muscles, and joints of the trunk. improper grounding of circuitry and equipment. The checks above are common scaffolding faults to look out for that show you the scaffold structure is unsafe. "Fabricated frame scaffolds" (tubular welded frame scaffolds). The SlideShare family just got bigger. Do not erect, dismantle or alter a scaffold unless under the supervision of a competent person. Rated load capacities, recommended operating speeds, and special hazard warnings or instructions must be: Conspicuously posted on the crane, where the crane operator can see them while he is at his control station. ( 2) Diagonal braces shall be installed on all sides of each square. The purpose of this survey is: determine the condition of the structure so that measures can be taken, if necessary, to prevent the premature collapse of any portion of the structure. Ropes or hangers shall be used for supports, except that one end of a needle beam scaffold may be supported by a permanent structural member. Scaffolding tagging is a safety-oriented practice of thoroughly inspecting erected scaffolding systems and subsequent tagging to ensure properly communicated specifications. Resist penetration by objects and absorb the shock of a blow. aluminum, or less commonly, wood. Crawling Board. Erectors should inspect all scaffold parts before use, and be checking for what, Cracks, dents, bends, breaks , corrosion and bad welds, Each platform more than 10 feet long should not extend more than how many inches over the support, to conduct a site inspection to identify site specific hazards not identified in the preplanning stage and note any other site specific characteristics, Plumb, square, and level starting with the first bay of the scaffold, What will happen if the scaffold is off leveled. Every scaffold must be erected by qualified technicians based on the information in the design drawings. Move the personnel platform slowly and cautiously and have a rotation-resistant rope with a safety factor of 10 In general, head protection should do which of the following? Select the equipment you need and place it near the work area. This process is known as: OSHA requires that many categories of PPE meet or be equivalent to standards developed by: The American National Standards Institute (ANSI). 2. 9. Safety footwear has to meet minimum compression and impact performance standards, set by: Gloves that are chemically resistant are usually made from: True or False: Full-body protection is sometimes made from materials such as duck, paper-like fiber, or rubberized fabrics, depending upon the hazard. The fulcrum point of outrigger beams shall rest on secure bearings at least 6 inches (15.2 cm) in each horizontal dimension. a. Which industries are employees potentially exposed to silica dust: Anytime an adapter is used to accommodate a two-hole receptacle, the adapter wire must: If a worker on a scaffold can fall more than 10 feet: They must be protected by guardrails and/or personal fall arrest systems (PFAS). Additional requirements applicable to specific types of scaffolds. Runners must: Extend over two poles at minimum. A scaffold must be erected "plumb, square, and level," because: If a scaffold is built even a few degrees off plumb, the resulting instability could cause the weight of the scaffold to shift, potentially causing the overloading of one leg and the eventual collapse of the scaffold. The circuit becomes part of the conductor ", "Form scaffolds and carpenters' bracket scaffolds. A metal base plate footing makes the scaffold more secure and will go a long way to ensure scaffolding meets the next two regulations. Outrigger scaffolds are 3 inches or less from the front edge To enforce the federal regulations that ensure that business is conducted in an ethical manner Operators must complete three separate aspects of powered industrial truck training: formal training, practice training, and: To adhere to fire safety precautions, flammable and combustible materials must be stored according to: General safety principles that can help reduce workplace accidents include: Material handling tasks should be designed to minimize _________ of the given activity. A training program to teach proper lifting techniques should cover: A. Scaffold planks should extend over their end supports not less than 6 inches nor more than 18 inches. 6. When a heat-producing process such as gas or arc welding is being conducted, boatswains' chair seat slings shall be a minimum of three-eight (3/8) inch (1.0 cm) wire rope. job, and he shouldhis life depends on it. missing parts due to area obstructions). The platform shall be securely fastened to hangers (stirrups) by U-bolts or by other means which satisfy the requirements of 1926.451(a). Before the start of each work shift, it is mandatory that: A competent person inspects the scaffold before the start of each work shift. Because of this, the following is required: A certified crane operator must be used. Boatswains' chair seat slings shall be reeved through four corner holes in the seat; shall cross each other on the underside of the seat; and shall be rigged so as to prevent slippage which could cause an out-of-level condition. OSHA requires that all excavations in which employees could potentially be exposed to cave-ins be protected by one or more of the following three methods: The formula for all simple slope excavations 20 feet (6.11 meters) or less deep states that for every foot of depth, the trench must be excavated back: Trench boxes or shields must be designed or approved by: Shoring or shielding is most often used when: The location or the depth of the excavation makes sloping back to the maximum allowable slope impractical. These rules were combined under the umbrella of OSHA. Step 1 Select and prepare the ground area. Each supporting rope shall be hitched around one end of the bearer and pass under the platform to the other end of the bearer where it is hitched again, leaving sufficient rope at each end for the supporting ties. D. All of the above. When the pump jack has to pass bracing already installed, an additional brace shall be installed approximately 4 feet (1.2 m) above the brace to be passed, and shall be left in place until the pump jack has been moved and the original brace reinstalled. To ensure scaffolding safety, the scaffold must be built under the supervision of a competent person; someone who has been thoroughly trained on safe work practices when working on scaffoldings. Scaffolds are plumb, square, level and situated on base . The sheaves of all blocks shall fit the size of the rope used. uses. Independent support lines and suspension ropes shall not be attached to the same points of anchorage. All joints must be 2. Scaffolds are commonly used in construction work so that workers have a safe, stable platform on which to work when work cannot be done at ground level or on a finished floor. Faults: Damaged. Cross braces must keep the scaffold plumb, level, and square; All brace connections must be secured to prevent dislodging; Frames and panels must be joined together vertically by coupling or stacking pins or equivalent means; Frames and panels must be locked together to prevent uplift (separation of a . Stilts, when used, shall be used in accordance with the following requirements: [44 FR 8577, Feb. 9, 1979; 44 FR 20940. Knowing Splice plates of other materials of equivalent strength may be used. When platforms are being moved to the next level, the existing platform shall be left undisturbed until the new bearers have been set in place and braced prior to receiving the new platforms. 10. Scaffolds are a type of temporary work platform that is used to support workers, tools and materials. According to OSHA standard 1926.451 (g) (1), anyone working on a scaffold more than 10 feet above a lower level must be protected from falling to that lower level. Do not force frames or . The upper tiers shall stand on a continuous row of planks laid across the next lower tier, and shall be nailed down or otherwise secured to prevent displacement. Baker scaffolds are featured in a range of forensic investigations involving worker falls, tip-over incidents, and structural collapses on construction work sites. Knowledge of the basic anatomy of the spine, muscles, and joints of the trunk Warped. Wooden bracket-form scaffolds shall be an integral part of the form panel. Wire ropes shall be continuous and without splices between anchors. Damaged or deteriorated equipment must not be used USA (v. 2008) 21 Erecting Scaffolding Erect plumb, square and rigid with all brace connections securely fastened USA (v. 2008) 22 Tubular Welded-frame Scaffolds Be sure scaffold stays plumb and level as erection progresses For mobile scaffolds, use a horizontal diagonal brace, for "Bricklayers' square scaffolds (squares). Horizontally at each end and at 30 feet intervals measured from one end only. The cross braces shall be of such length as will automatically square and align vertical members so that the erected scaffold is always plumb, level, and square. When guardrails are used for fall protection, a workbench may be used as the toprail only if it meets all the requirements in paragraphs (g)(4)(ii), (vii), (viii), and (xiii) of 1926.451. Scaffolds are fabricated from many materialssome common, and others not so Platforms supported by wire ropes shall have hook-shaped stops on each end of the platforms to prevent them from slipping off the wire ropes. Each has D. Friendly weightlifting competitions among workers to build strength. Nothing should lean in any direction. If uplift could cause the components to separate, locking pins must be used and the components secured. Other requirements are listed Scaffolds must be designed by a professional engineer in the following situations: Supported scaffolds exceeding: fifteen metres in height above their base support; or Crawling boards shall extend from the roof peak to the eaves when used in connection with roof construction, repair, or maintenance. Symptoms of silicosis ____________ , so workers should have a chest x-ray to see if there is lung damage. Two-point scaffolds shall not be bridged or otherwise connected one to another during raising and lowering operations unless the bridge connections are articulated (attached), and the hoists properly sized. Approximately 75 percent of struck-by fatalities involve: It is preferable not to drive a vehicle in reverse if you have an obstructed rear view, but if you do, make sure: Workers are most at risk from falling objects when standing or working: To prevent injury from flying debris, use safety glasses, goggles, face shields, etc., where machines or tools may cause flying particles; and always inspect tools, such as saws and lathes, to ensure that: The protective guards are in good condition and firmly attached. Workers, tools and materials that, when assembled, form a scaffold unless under the of. And must be worn by all persons erecting, moving, dismantling using... 2 ) diagonal braces, or combination mobile scaffolds shall be reinforced with gussets on both sides of each.! Tagging is a safety-oriented practice of thoroughly inspecting erected scaffolding systems and fall restraint systems not be to! 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